An Analysis of Klobučarić ’ s Depictions of the Kvarner Littoral

I van Klobučarić was one of the most important Croatian cartographers at the turn of the 1 7th century. In 1 579 he produced a panorama of Ri jeka which is kept in the War Archives (Kriegsarchiv) in Vienna. The Styrian Provincial Archives (Steiermärkische Landesarchiv) in Graz houses a map of the Bay of Ri jeka with a panorama of the city dated 1 586, attributed to Klobučarić. His cartographic legacy created between 1 601 and 1 605 can be found in the Clobucciarich – Skizzen col lection. I t comprises 1 08 sheets. Most are double-sided. Some pages show two or more items, so that the entire col lection includes around 500 cartographic depictions. In terms of western Croatia, there are about twenty. This paper provides a l ist of the contents of Klobučarić’s cartographic depictions relating to the area of Croatia. A sketch of the Kvarner Littoral from Rijeka to Sveti Juraj with the mainland hinterland is described, with a map of parts of Croatia from Rijeka to Omiš with the mainland hinterland. An analysis was conducted of the contents of the parts of the sketch and map showing the Kvarner Littoral , comparing the representation of settlements showed and those omitted, with toponyms on the map and those shown on earl ier maps of the Kvarner Littoral . The paper indicates errors in previous works about Klobučarić’s l i fe, work and cartographic activities.


Introduction
Little has been written about Ivan Klobučarić, priest, artist and cartographer, in Croatian and foreign publications to date, and his extensive cartographic activities have not been thoroughly researched or described.He was born between 1545 and 1550 in Dubašnica on the island ofKrk.He died towards the end of1605 or possibly early in 1606 in Fürstenfeld, or perhaps in Rijeka.In the literature he is known as Giovanni, Hans, Ionnes, Joannes, or Johannes, and versions of his surname include Clobuciarich, Clobucciarich, Clobucarius, Clobucciarius, Klobučijarič, Klobucziarich, with the monikers de Flumine, Fiumano, Fluminensis, or Riječan.
Klobučarić was an Augustinian monk who entered the Augustinian monastery in Rijeka around 1560.He was educated there and ordained in 1572.From 1572 to 1575 he resided at Santo Stefano Rotonda Monastery in Rome.It was probably in Rome that he honed his artistic skills.In the Register of the General Prior of the Augustinian Order kept in the Archives ofthe Augustinian Order in Rome, on a sheet dated 5 June 1575, there is an entry which reads (in translation), "… Brother Ivan of Rijeka is permitted to return to his homeland to pursue painting …".This entry indicates that he was perceived as an artist at the time when he left Rome for Rijeka (Klen 1974(Klen , 1975;;Peloza 1975).
On his return to Rijeka in 1575 he was appointed vicar general ofthe Augustinian monastery.He was prior of the Rijeka monastery from 1577 to 1580, 1588 to 1590, in 1592, and in 1597.It also appears from the monastery records that he was the prior in 1585 and 1587.At An Analysis of Klobučarić's Depictions of the Kvarner Littoral Abstract.Ivan Klobučarić was one of the most important Croatian cartographers at the turn of the 1 7th century.In 1 579 he produced a panorama of Rijeka which is kept in the War Archives (Kriegsarchiv) in Vienna.The Styrian Provincial Archives (Steiermärkische Landesarchiv) in Graz houses a map of the Bay of Rijeka with a panorama of the city dated 1 586, attributed to Klobučarić.His cartographic legacy created between 1 601 and 1 605 can be found in the Clobucciarich -Skizzen collection.It comprises 1 08 sheets.Most are double-sided.Some pages show two or more items, so that the entire collection includes around 500 cartographic depictions.In terms of western Croatia, there are about twenty.This paper provides a list of the contents of Klobučarić's cartographic depictions relating to the area of Croatia.A sketch of the Kvarner Littoral from Rijeka to Sveti Juraj with the mainland hinterland is described, with a map of parts of Croatia from Rijeka to Omiš with the mainland hinterland.An analysis was conducted of the contents of the parts of the sketch and map showing the Kvarner Littoral, comparing the representation of settlements showed and those omitted, with toponyms on the map and those shown on earlier maps of the Kvarner Littoral.The paper indicates errors in previous works about Klobučarić's life, work and cartographic activities.
In 1578, he was sent by the Archduke Charles II on a confidential mission to Pope Gregory XIII in Rome, accompanied by Captain Gašpar Raab.Thanks to Klobučarić's efforts, the Augustinian monastery in Graz was founded in 1580.As a result of certain envious attitudes and accusations, he was summoned before the Prior General of the order in 1579, 1582, and 1594, and appeared before the Holy Inquisition in 1595 (Klen 1974;Peloza 1975).
Klobučarić was prior in 1584 and vicar in 1592 at the monastery in Völkermarkt.He was prior in Fürstenfeld in 1585, 1587, from the beginning of1593 to the autumn of 1594, from February 1600, with one interruption in 1602, and until the end of1603.He was provincial several times, and in 1584 and 1592 vicar of the Styrian-Carinthian Augustinian province.In 1592 he held three posts simultaneously; prior in Rijeka, vicar of the Styrian-Carinthian province, and vicar general of the monastery in Völkermarkt (appointed in the May of that year) (Laszowski 1937;Klen 1974Klen , 1975;;Žic 2003).Laszowski (1937) also mentions that he was prior ofFürstenfeld monastery in 1596 and 1598.
Klobučarić painted and drew landscapes, topographic sketches and panoramic views (Lapaine and Kljajić 2009), so we are pleased to present this contribution to a study ofhis cartographic work, particularly his depictions ofthe Kvarner Littoral.
2 Klobučarić's Cartographic Work The panorama of Rijeka and the surrounding area (1579) is considered one of Klobučarić's best known works.It is housed in the War Archives (Kriegsarchiv) in Vienna under call no.G-1-h-171.It has no title and is unsigned.It is the first known depiction ofRijeka, the city fortifications (as they were then), streets and buildings (Klen 1974(Klen , 1975;;Marković 1993Marković , 2001Marković , 2001)). 1 We established that several Croatian researchers (Marković 1993(Marković , 2001(Marković , 2002;;Slukan Altić 2003;Nepokoj 2010) published only excerpts ofthe panorama without mentioning that it is an excerpt.We noted that the excerpts had been edited, and that colours and frames not found in the original had been added.Based on these additions, readers might be tempted to conclude that there were several versions ofthe panorama.
Klobučarić has been attributed as the author of the 1586 map of the Bay of Rijeka.The map has no title or signature.It is housed in the Styrian Provincial Archives (Steiermärkische Landesarchiv) in Graz.It was drawn in black ink which has faded to brown.Later, the sea was coloured blue and the land green, using watercolours (Klen 1974(Klen , 1975;;Marković 1993Marković , 2002)). 2rmed with a warrant from Archduke Ferdinand II, Klobučarić travelled around parts of modern Austria, Slovenia and Croatia between 1601 and 1605, collecting topographic material for his map.The cartographic legacy produced in the following years is kept in the Styrian Provincial Archives in Graz in the Clobucciarich -Skizzen collection.It comprises 108 sheets in four groups: 16 sheets measuring 32×21.5 cm, 80 sheets measuring 43×32 cm (one is missing), four folio sheets and eight written documents.The documents include patents, or authorisations for Klobučarić's cartographic work.Most have cartographic depictions on both sides.Some pages show two or more items, so that the entire collection comprises over 500 cartographic depictions.The sheets are numberedaccordingto the paper size.Theyshowmost of Styria, Carniola, Gorizia, Croatia, Austrian Istria and part of Carinthia.Most of the cartographic depictions cover modern-day Austria.Slovenia is also well represented.Croatia appears on twenty depictions.They are ofdifferent sizes and grades, from rough sketches to detailed, finished drawings, topographic sketches, panoramas of settlements, fortified towns and castles, fortresses, city walls and ground plans, most ofwhich include many toponyms and several notes.Klobučarić used pencil, charcoal and a quill pen to produce the depictions.His favourite method was pencil.He additionally emphasised some buildings and toponyms in black ink and sepia (Popelka 1923(Popelka , 1932;;Klen 1974Klen , 1975;;Marković 2002).
Klobučarić began his cartographic work in the service ofFerdinandII in May1601, when he was given the taskof producing a map of Styria.He first travelled to Styria between 24 May and 13 June 1601.This can be seen in a note he wrote on sheet 103 of his legacy, attaching the expense account for his travels during that period.On 8 July 1601, abbot Admont issued Klobučarić with a patent ordering all stewards, officials and subjects of the abbey estates to offer him protection, assistance and advice, since he held a commission to inspect, describe and depict the towns, cities, borders and boundaries of Styria, including Admont monastery.The patent can be found on sheets 101 and 102 of Klobučarić's legacy.Between 1601 and 1603, Klobučarić worked mostly in Styria, Carinthia and Carniola (Popelka 1923(Popelka , 1932;;Klen 1974Klen , 1975;;Marković 2002). 3We noted that some researchers Godine 1578.poslao ga je nadvojvoda Karlo II.u povjerljivu misiju papi Grguru XIII.u Rim, zajedno s kapetanom Gašparom Raabom.Klobučarićevom zaslugom je 1580.utemeljen augustinski samostan u Grazu.Zbog nekih zavisti i optužbi bio je pozvan pred generalnog priora reda 1579., 1582.i 1594., a pred Svetu inkviziciju 1595.godine (Klen 1974;Peloza 1975).
Ferdinand II issued a patent on 6 September 1603 authorising Klobučarić to continue his cartographic work and extending it to include Inner Austria.The patent is kept in Klobučarić's legacy (sheets 104a and 104b).The Archduke ordered all subject authorities to collaborate with Klobučarić at all times.It appears from the patent that Klobučarić volunteered for this task (Marković 2002). 4In 1604 and 1605, he concentrated on Carniola and Austrian Istria (Popelka 1923;Klen 1974Klen , 1975)).
The last traces of Klobučarić's work include notes and sketches in response to a letter from Martio Marchesetti dated 26 August 1605.It is preserved in the legacy on sheets 107a and 107b.A chapter meeting of the Styrian-Carinthian Augustinian province was held on 27 April 1606.It included a list ofall the monks in all six monasteries and there is no Klobučarić among them.Klobučarić died between two dates mentioned. 5After his death, his estate (including his cartographic legacy) passed to the Augustinian monastery in Rijeka.According to a contract dated 3 May 1606, the monastery made his brother Juraj the lifelong beneficiary ofhis estate.In the summer of the same year, Juraj handed over the cartographic legacy to the Government ofInner Austria (Innerösterreichische Regierung) and requested compensation for his brother's services.In February 1607, the Court Chamber (Hofkammer) in Graz ordered 50 silver thalers to be paid to Petar Karal, to be delivered to Klobučarić's brother as per his request the previous summer (Popelka 1923(Popelka , 1932;;Laszowski 1937;Peruško 1958a;1958b;Klen 1974Klen , 1975;;Marković 2002).

Klobučarič's cartographic legacy
The website ofthe Styrian Provincial Archives in Graz gives information on the history of the Clobucciarich -Skizzen collection and how it came into existence.Andreas von Meiller ofthe Household-, Court-and State Archives (Haus-, Hof-, und Staatsarhiv) in Vienna researched the collections ofdocuments in the Graz Burg between 28 August and 2 October 1846.He extracted those he thought particularly important to be sent to Vienna, including Klobučarić's cartographic depictions.The selected documents arrived at the Archives at the end of 1847.Klobučarić's cartographic depictions were returned to Graz in 1922 with 49 other volumes (files) andbecame part of the Meillerakten collection.Klobučarić's cartographic depictions were singled out for storage purposes and became a separate collection, Clobucciarich -Skizzen (URL 1).Popelka (1923) says that the call number for Klobučarić's legacy is Meillerakten, Fasz.25a, while Peruško (1958aPeruško ( , 1958b) ) wrongly gives the call number as Meillerkarten 25a.
Klobučarić's cartographic legacy has been restored and digitalised.Trobas (1971) wrote about its condition in the 1970s and the restoration procedure.It has been available online since the end of2014 (URL 2).Klobučarić's cartographic depictions do not have titles, but Fritz Popelka6 compiled a list of the cartographic legacy based on the areas shown on individual depictions, and published the list in German (Popelka 1932).A list ofcontents relating to Croatia, in Croatian, can be found in (Klen 1975) and (Marković 1993), while the full list in Croatian appears in (Marković 2002).Klen (1975) says of sheet 76, "Mount Velebit from Bosanski Brod and Modruš to the coast from Rijeka to Senj".This should read 'Brod na Kupi', not 'Bosanski Brod'.We established that this was a translation ofthe contents ofthe list given in (Popelka 1932).The error has been corrected on the Internet (URL 3).
All the cartographic depictions and written documents in Klobučarić's cartographic legacy can be viewed in high resolution on the Internet (URL 3).All the sheets are said to have originated between 1601 and 1605.Table 1 gives a list ofthe sheet contents which include one or more cartographic depictions relating to the area of Croatia.The texts of the contents of cartographic depictions shown in German are taken from the website ofthe Archives, where the Clobucciarich -Skizzen collection can be found (URL 3).We noted that the contents in German for certain sheets were incomplete, and sometimes contained errors.For example, for sheet 76 it says it shows Mount Velebit from Brod na Kupi and Modruš to the coast from Rijeka to Senj, but Velebit does not extend from Brod na Kupi.For sheet 98 it says that it shows the area as far as Split, but in fact it shows the area as far as Omiš.
3 Klobučarić's Cartographic Depictions of the Kvarner Littoral Klobučarić's cartographic legacy includes a sketch (sheet 76) of the Kvarner Littoral from Rijeka to Sveti Juraj with the mainland hinterland (Fig. 1) and a map (sheet 98) ofpart ofCroatia from Rijeka to Omiš with the mainland hinterland (Fig. 2).
Na internetskim stranicama Arhiva na kojima je dostupan fond Clobucciarich -Skizzen (URL 3), za skicu i sketche and map without indicating that it is an excerpt.We noticed that these extracts had been edited, with additional frames not present in the originals, and that some of the depicted contents had been emphasised and the relief edited.Based on this, readers might reach false conclusions about the originals.Klen (1975) published two extracts ofa sketch and one map extract.Underneath the extracts of the sketch it says, "Ivan Klobučarić, areas from Brod na Kupi to Selce …" and "Ivan Klobučarić, areas from Oštarije and Ogulin to Jurjevo at Senj …".Based on this, readers might conclude that there are two sketches, which would be wrong.Underneath the map extract it says, "Ivan Klobučarić, Croatia from Karlovac to Biograd na Moru and Lošinj …".However, the extract does not show the part as far as Biograd na Moru.Marković published an extract of a sketch and map (Marković 1993).Underneath the extract of the sketch it says, "Topographic sketch of Gorski Kotar by Ivan Klobučarić".Based on this, readers might conclude that this is a sketch ofthe given area.Underneath the section of the map it says, "Topographic sketch of Kvarner with the islands of Krk, Cres and Lošinj by Ivan Klobučarić".Marković added a frame to that section.Based on the text and the added frame, readers ofthe work might conclude that this was a sketch ofgiven area, which would be wrong.Marković (2002) writes in more detail about the sketch and map, and provides reproductions of the sketch and map and several map extracts.It should be stressed that the sketch, map, and map extracts, have been edited.Their edges have been cut offand a frame added, while the lines ofcertain objects have been emphasised and the reliefedited.On the Archives website, which makes the Clobucciarich -Skizzen collection available (URL 3), it says that the sketch and map were drawn in pencil.We noticed that Klobučarić later erased, corrected and supplemented part ofthe contents, and also emphasised some contents in black ink and sepia.He wrote the name Ogulin in pencil on the right bank ofthe river which represented the River Dobra, and used sepia to correct it to the left bank.He wrote the name Senj in pencil, away from the coast, and corrected it in sepia on the coast.On the map, Rijeka and Senj were shown in pencil, while most other larger settlements were marked in sepia.He wrote toponyms on the islands ofCres, Lošinj and Rab in pencil, then erased them and emphasised some ofthem in ink, which makes identifying them more difficult.
Maps can be described using basic map elements (title, areas shown and orientation, purpose and intention, contents, time of production, author, publisher, printer, print run, users, legend, mathematical elements, index or list of objects, source of information, and means of production) and secondary ones (map frame, text with explanation, and people responsible).Since Klobučarić's cartographic depictions of the Kvarner Littoral do not contain most ofthese elements, we will not describe them in this way in this paper, but will provide briefdescriptions.
The sketch and map have no titles or author's name, and the time ofproduction is missing.The sketch covers parts of modern-day Gorski Kotar, the Ogulin-Modruš valley and Lika, part ofthe eastern coast ofIstria and the Kvarner Littoral from Rijeka to Sveti Juraj with the mainland hinterland.The map shows part ofthe eastern coast ofIstria and the north-eastern shore ofthe Adriatic Sea from Rijeka to Omiš with the mainland hinterland, parts of the Lika, Krbava and Gorski Kotar areas, and the areas around Karlovac, Bihać and Glamoč.In addition, the sketch shows part ofthe island ofKrk, but does not name it, while the map shows all the large and some ofthe small Kvarner islands, an unnamed island in the Zadar archipelago and several unnamed smaller islands in the Šibenik archipelago.Rab and Pag are named, while Krk, Cres and Lošinj are not, though the names of the towns of Cres and Lošinj appear.We discovered that the locations ofthe islands ofSilba and Olib had been exchanged.The contours ofthe islands are not well drawn in relation to their actual shapes and their indentation is not reproduced well.The coastlines are simplified, omitting most bays and coves.Krk and Cres are too large, and Cres and Lošinj much wider than in reality.Pag is depicted without its major peninsulas, bays and coves.Rab is shown more reliably than the other islands.
There is a simple wind rose on the sketch and map showing the four points ofthe compass.Klobučarić uses Italian terms for wind directions: north -T (Tramontana); south -O (Ostro); east -L (Levante); and west -P (Ponente).Based on the wind rose, the sketch is oriented to the north (the wind rose is hard to find, above Lič) and the map to the north-east.However, we discovered that not all the areas shown on the sketch and map were oriented properly.On the sketch, Otočac is north-east ofSenj, and is east ofSenj on the map, which is incorrect.
The sketch measures 43×32 cm, and the map 97×43 cm (folio format).On the map, underneath the depictions ofSilba and Olib there are two graphical scales giving the units for length in German leagues or miles (Lega Todesca) and Italian miles (Miglia Italiana).Based on these scales, we determined the numerical scale of the map (about 1:424,000).Marković (2002) and Crljenko and Šeparović (2009) considered that the scale ofmap is about 1:300,000.On the sketch and map, distances are marked We noticed that the distance between Senj and Otočac on the sketch was 30, but on the map it was 35.The sketch and map both show basic topographic elements such as settlements, hydrography, relief and toponyms, while only the map shows boundaries (only one is marked) but does not show roads or vegetation.The map has a large number of toponyms, mostly settlements (oeconyms), hills and mountains (oronyms), land water bodies (hydronyms), islands (nesonyms) and regions and areas (horonyms).
Settlements are represented most on the map.It does not include a legend, but we noted different signs used to mark fortified settlements, fortifications, monasteries and churches.Two signs included a cross, denoting the seat of an archbishop (with a double cross) or bishop (with a single cross).Settlements under Turkish control had a half-crescent in the sign.Perušić was depicted and named in two different places; one near Dabar as the seat ofthe bishop (we do not know whether there was really a settlement of that name in this location), and the other near Grebenar, with a half-crescent, on the site of present-day Perušić.Obrovac was shown twice, close together, with slight variations in the spelling ofthe name.Some settlements were named but not given signs, for example Radošić and the settlements on the eastern coast ofIstria.The names ofmountains are written like the names ofsettlements without signs.
On the map, the area from Bakarac to Novi Vinodolski is called Vinodol for the first time on Klobučarić's map.The toponym Morlacca is written on the sea and may indicate the Morlach Channel (Velebit Channel) or the region of Morlachia.The Gates of Senj (Bocca di Segnia) are named.The border with the Ottoman Empire is marked with a broken line from Novigrad to Skradin.The reliefis shown using molehills.On the sketch, river courses are shown with single wavy lines, but on the map, the lines are double.The meandering ofriver flows are drawn arbitrarily.On the sketch, only the River Kupa is shown and named, while the Dobra, Rječina and Dubračina are shown but not named.On the map, the Kupa, Kupica, Dobra, Gacka and Una are all shown and named using the abbreviation flu., while the word fiume appears by the name ofthe River Krka and the letter fis written by the name of the River Lika.The Rječina, Dubračina, Zrmanja, Butišnica, Jadro and Cetina are all shown but not named.Lake Vransko and Lake Prokljansko are both shown but not named.Otočac is shown on an islet in the middle ofthe River Gacka, surrounded by marshes.

Usporedba toponima Kvarnerskog primorja s
Klobučarićeve karte i s karata njegovih prethodnika Popelka (1932) navodi da je Klobučarić na svojim kartografskim prikazima zabilježio oko 10 000 geografskih imena.Klen (1974) piše da Klobučarić imena zapisuje prema lokalnom izgovoru, kod čega su mu pomogli lokalni kazivači.Prema Markoviću (2002), za Hrvatsku su od posebne važnosti prikazi područja Gorskog kotara, Klobučarić made the map between 1590 and 1600 for the purpose ofdefence against the Turks, and it was supplemented after 1603 when the sketch was made.It can be assumed that the sketch was made in order to update the map, so we would expect the settlements and other contents on the sketch to appear on the map.However, this is not the case, as can be seen in the mainland area between Rijeka and Fužine and Brod na Kupi.Perhaps Klobučarić did not manage to supplement the map with information gathered while compiling the sketch.We noticed that some ofthe Kvarner Littoral settlements on the map are not found on the sketch, and vice versa.
A comparison of the Kvarner Littoral settlements shown on both the sketch and map (Figs. 3 and 4) established that there are no toponyms on the sketch for Trsat, Bakar, Bakarac, Kraljevica and Novi Vinodolski.On the map, the toponym for Kraljevica does not appear, and Bakarac is not even shown with a sign, while the other settlements have signs.On the sketch, Crikvenica and Sibinj do not appear, while they are shown and marked on the map.Selce is marked and named on the sketch, but not on the map.

Comparison of Kvarner Littoral toponyms on
Klobučarić's map and those of his predecessors Popelka (1932) says that Klobučarić wrote about 10,000 geographical names on his cartographic depictions.Klen (1974) says that Klobučarić wrote the names according to local pronunciation, helped by local people.According to Marković (2002), the depictions ofGorski Kotar, Vinodol, Brinje, Modruš and Gacka with the border area along the River Una were ofparticular importance.However, up to now, no-one has conducted a comparison of the toponyms on Klobučarić's depictions and those on maps made by his predecessors.Therefore, we present in this paper a comparison of toponyms from part of Klobučarić's map, the Kvarner Littoral, with those on earlier maps.
S obzirom na to da je dio područja prikazanoga na Klobučarićevoj karti, na prijelazu iz 16. u 17. stoljeće bio pod turskom okupacijom, pretpostavljamo da te krajeve Klobučarić nije prikazao prema osobnim podacima već na osnovi podataka preuzetih s već postojećih karata.certain toponyms on the maps which give names, for example, Crikvenica.Klobučarić's map shows smaller settlements (Žrnovica, Sibinj, Sveta Jelena, Prizna and Cesarice) which do not appear on maps by his predecessors.In addition, there are toponyms for the bays along the coasts ofCres, Lošinj and Rab, while the earlier maps do not name these bays at all.We were unable to identify some toponyms, and we were unsure of the contemporary geographic names of others, so we have put question marks in the table.It is interesting that Klobučarić did not show the settlements on the island of Krk and did not name its bays.Yet Sambucus and Hirschvogel show and name several settlements on Krk, and Sambucus gives some on the island ofCres.
4 Conclusion Klobučarić's cartographic legacy is substantial, but has been inadequately researched to date.It includes cartographic depictions of most of Styria, Carniola, Gorizia, Croatia, Austrian Istria and some of Carynthia.It is particularly valuable because his cartographic depictions were produced as a result of gathering data and taking his own measurements.His legacy is very important to Croatia, as it includes around twenty cartographic depictions showing Croatian areas, with many toponyms.Comparing the representation of the Kvarner Littoral settlements shown on Klobučarić's sketch and map, we established that some settlements were marked and named on the map, but not on the sketch, and vice versa.We concluded that Klobučarić's map contained toponyms absent from the maps of his predecessors.Klobučarić made an important contribution to a better understanding of western Croatia, writing toponyms according to local pronunciation.
Since part of the area covered by Klobučarić's map was under Turkish occupation in the late 16th and early 17th centuries, it can be assumed that he did not depict it according to data he had gathered himself, but relied on data from earlier maps.